Symptoms of the Black Death

The Black Death is a plague that killed millions of people. In one particularly destructive explosion, over a third of the whole European population might have died in a few years in the mid 14th century, a process which changed history, birthing, and among other things, the start of the modern age and the Renaissance. Here is an explanation of what happens when someone contracts it. You really have to hope you never do! How You Get the Black Death Despite plenty of people trying to claim other things, the evidence comfortably points to The Black Death being Bubonic Plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia Pestis. A human being usually receives this by being bitten by a flea that has ingested the disease from the blood of a house rat. The infected flea has had its system blocked by the disease, and remains hungry, regurgitating older infected blood into a human before drinking new blood, spreading infection. The rat’s flea doesn’t usually target humans, but seeks them out as new hosts once their colony of rats dies off from the plague; other animals could also be affected. Plague carrying fleas didn’t have to come straight from a rat, as the fleas could survive for several weeks in bundles of cloth and other items humans conveniently came into contact with. On rarer occasions, a human could receive the disease from infected droplets that had been sneezed or coughed out into the air from a sufferer of a vari ation called Pneumonic Plague. Even rarer still was an infection from a cut or sore. Symptoms Once bitten, a victim experienced symptoms like headaches, chills, high temperatures, and extreme tiredness. They might have nausea and pain throughout their bodies. Within several days the bacteria had begun affecting the body’s lymph nodes, and these swelled up into painful large lumps called ‘buboes’ (from which the disease takes its popular name: Bubonic Plague). Usually, those nodes closest to the initial bite were first, which normally meant in the groin, but those under the arms and in the neck were also affected. They could reach the size of an egg. Suffering great pain, you could then die, roughly a week after you were first bitten. From the lymph nodes, the plague could spread and internal bleeding would begin. The sufferer would expel blood in their waste, and black spots could appear all over the body. Sufferers with the spots almost invariably died, and this is noted in the chronicles of the day. The disease could spread to the lungs, giving the victim Pneumonic Plague, or into the bloodstream, giving Septicaemic Plague, which killed you before the buboes appeared. Some people did recover from the Black Death – Benedictow gives a figure of 20% - but contrary to the beliefs of some survivors they did not gain an automatic immunity. Medieval Reaction Medieval doctors identified numerous symptoms of the plague, many of which correlate with modern knowledge. The process of the illness through its stages wasn’t fully understood by medieval and early modern doctors, and some interpreted the buboes as signs the body was trying to vent foul liquids. They then attempted to relieve the illness by lancing the buboes. A punishment from God was seen at the frequent underlying course, although quite how and why God was inflicting this was heatedly discussed. The situation wasnt one of total scientific blindness, as Europe has always been blessed with proto-scientists, but they were confused and unable to react like modern scientists. Even so, you can still see this confusion exist today when it comes to popular understanding of illness.

Cost Accounting Answers - 9263 Words

CHAPTER 4 JOB COSTING 4-1 Cost pool––a grouping of individual indirect cost items. Cost tracing––the assigning of direct costs to the chosen cost object. Cost allocation––the assigning of indirect costs to the chosen cost object. Cost-allocation base––a factor that links in a systematic way an indirect cost or group of indirect costs to cost objects. 4-2 In a job-costing system, costs are assigned to a distinct unit, batch, or lot of a product or service. In a process-costing system, the cost of a product or service is obtained by using broad averages to assign costs to masses of identical or similar units. 4-3 An advertising campaign for Pepsi is likely to be very specific to that individual client. Job costing†¦show more content†¦Underallocation or overallocation of indirect (overhead) costs can arise because of (a) the Numerator reason––the actual overhead costs differ from the budgeted overhead costs, and (b) the Denominator reason––the actual quantity used of the allocation base differs from the budgeted quantity. 4-12 Debit entries to Work-in-Process Control represent increases in work in process. Examples of debit entries under normal costing are (a) direct materials used (credit to Materials Control), (b) direct manufacturing labor billed to job (credit to Wages Payable Control), and (c) manufacturing overhead allocated to job (credit to Manufacturing Overhead Allocated). 4-13 Alternative ways to make end-of-period adjustments to dispose of underallocated or overallocated overhead are as follows: (i) Proration based on the total amount of indirect costs allocated (before proration) in the ending balances of work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold. (ii) Proration based on total ending balances (before proration) in work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold. iii) Year-end write-off to Cost of Goods Sold. iv) The adjusted allocation rate approach that restates all overhead entries using actual indirect cost rates rather than budgeted indirect cost rates. 4-14 A company might use budgeted costs rather than actual costs to computeShow MoreRelatedCost accounting chapter 12 answer key Essay6232 Words   |  25 PagesSolutions to Review Questions Accounting assigns costs and revenues to â€Å"responsibility centers† that correspond to the decision authority of managers. This allows the firm to measure performance based on the results of decisions by the manager. An effective corporate cost allocation system separates the results of decisions by corporate managers from those of business unit managers. 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Cost Accounting Answers - 9263 Words

CHAPTER 4 JOB COSTING 4-1 Cost pool––a grouping of individual indirect cost items. Cost tracing––the assigning of direct costs to the chosen cost object. Cost allocation––the assigning of indirect costs to the chosen cost object. Cost-allocation base––a factor that links in a systematic way an indirect cost or group of indirect costs to cost objects. 4-2 In a job-costing system, costs are assigned to a distinct unit, batch, or lot of a product or service. In a process-costing system, the cost of a product or service is obtained by using broad averages to assign costs to masses of identical or similar units. 4-3 An advertising campaign for Pepsi is likely to be very specific to that individual client. Job costing†¦show more content†¦Underallocation or overallocation of indirect (overhead) costs can arise because of (a) the Numerator reason––the actual overhead costs differ from the budgeted overhead costs, and (b) the Denominator reason––the actual quantity used of the allocation base differs from the budgeted quantity. 4-12 Debit entries to Work-in-Process Control represent increases in work in process. Examples of debit entries under normal costing are (a) direct materials used (credit to Materials Control), (b) direct manufacturing labor billed to job (credit to Wages Payable Control), and (c) manufacturing overhead allocated to job (credit to Manufacturing Overhead Allocated). 4-13 Alternative ways to make end-of-period adjustments to dispose of underallocated or overallocated overhead are as follows: (i) Proration based on the total amount of indirect costs allocated (before proration) in the ending balances of work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold. (ii) Proration based on total ending balances (before proration) in work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold. iii) Year-end write-off to Cost of Goods Sold. iv) The adjusted allocation rate approach that restates all overhead entries using actual indirect cost rates rather than budgeted indirect cost rates. 4-14 A company might use budgeted costs rather than actual costs to computeShow MoreRelatedCost accounting chapter 12 answer key Essay6232 Words   |  25 PagesSolutions to Review Questions Accounting assigns costs and revenues to â€Å"responsibility centers† that correspond to the decision authority of managers. This allows the firm to measure performance based on the results of decisions by the manager. An effective corporate cost allocation system separates the results of decisions by corporate managers from those of business unit managers. Although there are well-developed standards for many accounting transactions, accounting decisions still depend on theRead MoreManagement Accounting For Costs And Control1370 Words   |  6 Pages ACC512 Management Accounting for Costs Control Assessment Item 1 Midhun Ramachandran Student ID: 11594000 Class: Wednesday 9am-12pm Lecture - Dhanushka Wijayakantha â€Æ' Answer 1- Management accounting The three elements that drive or influence management accounting work are: Compliance- It refers to the need to fulfil both external regulations as well as reporting requirements. Accounting personnel’s need to furnish proper recognition of expenses and revenues, and estimate assets andRead MoreAccounting (Managerial) 530 Portfolio Case Study978 Words   |  4 PagesAccounting (Managerial) 530 Portfolio Case Study Imagine you are applying to become a trainee in a management consulting company, Solutions Inc., which claims to deliver innovative solutions. They are looking for innovative employees who engage with their work. The selection process will be rigorous. You know you will be asked to submit reports based on questions regarding your knowledge of management accounting practice and strategic management accounting. To provide a context for the reportsRead MoreInventory and Raw Materials1609 Words   |  7 PagesManagement and Managerial and Financial Accounting 1. WHEN DIRECTING AND MOTIVATING, MANAGERS MOBILIZE PEOPLE TO CARRY OUT PLANS AND RUN ROUTINE OPERATIONS. 2. The plans of management are expressed formally in BUDGETS 3. PLANNING consists of identifying alternatives, selecting among the alternatives the one that is best for the organization, and specifying what actions will be taken to implement the chosen alternative. 4. Managerial accounting places less emphasis on PRECISIONRead MoreDestin Brass1235 Words   |  5 PagesDestin Brass Products Co. June 26, 2010 CASE ANALYSIS OBJECTIVES The Destin Brass Products Company case analysis focuses on the current accounting practices utilized by the company and its effects on product pricing. Destin’s president, Roland Guidry, is concerned about the pump market competition dropping prices and his company’s ability to remain competitive, yet profitable; since, pumps are 55% of Destin’s revenues. At the same time, the flow controller market remains seemingly untouchedRead MoreAccounting System And The Roman Empire1409 Words   |  6 Pages Another Society with their own intricate accounting system was the Roman Empire. This comes as no surprise because of the scope and size of the Roman Empire; accounting was once again a necessity to a well-maintained society. There is evidence of comprehensive financial statements in the rule of Emperor Augustus circa 63 BC-14 AD. These statements included information on expenses on â€Å"statistics concerning the provinces and dependent kingdoms; direct and indirect taxation; as well as recurrent expendituresRead MoreA Brief Note On Farm Hardware Products Division As The Costs Associated With Your Activity Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesTask 1 Answer 1.1 - Farm Hardware Products Division as the costs associated with your activity on the basis of the definition of the following is a brief description of your understanding of it. A .Direct costs - A product, labour and materials costs directly associated with the production costs- direct cost. Other expense, loss or: is considered as indirect costs are more difficult to determine if a particular product and administrative expenses, and the like. B. Indirect costs- indirect costs (suchRead MoreCost Accounting-Chapter 1 Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesCost Accounting - Chapter 1 1. Flexibility is said to be the hallmark of modern management accounting, whereas standardization and consistency describe financial accounting. Explain why the focus of those two accounting systems differs. Financial accounting is more about the bigger picture—it evaluates the finances of the organization as a whole, using historical, quantitative, monetary, and factual data. It is more formal and requires the use of GAAP. The information financial accountingRead MoreManagement Accounting : Financial And Non Financial Information1120 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION:- Management Accounting refers to the preparation of financial and non-financial information for the use of management of the company. It is also termed as managerial accounting. The information provided by it is helpful in making policies and strategies, budgeting,, forecasting future plans, making comparisons and evaluating performance of the management. The reports produced by management accounting are used by the internal management (managers and employees) of the organization andRead MoreIs ABC suitable for your company?1410 Words   |  6 Pagesthree, Is ABC implementation recommended? Explain. Is their method foolproof? Abstract Nowadays, we know that activity based costing system assigns overhead costs to products or services products that using a two-stage process, which focuses on activities. ABC is a relatively new and very important topic in managerial accounting. ABC allows us to find a way that we could determine the profitability of every product, profitability of every customer we serve, and the profitability of our process

Cost Accounting Answers - 9263 Words

CHAPTER 4 JOB COSTING 4-1 Cost pool––a grouping of individual indirect cost items. Cost tracing––the assigning of direct costs to the chosen cost object. Cost allocation––the assigning of indirect costs to the chosen cost object. Cost-allocation base––a factor that links in a systematic way an indirect cost or group of indirect costs to cost objects. 4-2 In a job-costing system, costs are assigned to a distinct unit, batch, or lot of a product or service. In a process-costing system, the cost of a product or service is obtained by using broad averages to assign costs to masses of identical or similar units. 4-3 An advertising campaign for Pepsi is likely to be very specific to that individual client. Job costing†¦show more content†¦Underallocation or overallocation of indirect (overhead) costs can arise because of (a) the Numerator reason––the actual overhead costs differ from the budgeted overhead costs, and (b) the Denominator reason––the actual quantity used of the allocation base differs from the budgeted quantity. 4-12 Debit entries to Work-in-Process Control represent increases in work in process. Examples of debit entries under normal costing are (a) direct materials used (credit to Materials Control), (b) direct manufacturing labor billed to job (credit to Wages Payable Control), and (c) manufacturing overhead allocated to job (credit to Manufacturing Overhead Allocated). 4-13 Alternative ways to make end-of-period adjustments to dispose of underallocated or overallocated overhead are as follows: (i) Proration based on the total amount of indirect costs allocated (before proration) in the ending balances of work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold. (ii) Proration based on total ending balances (before proration) in work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold. iii) Year-end write-off to Cost of Goods Sold. iv) The adjusted allocation rate approach that restates all overhead entries using actual indirect cost rates rather than budgeted indirect cost rates. 4-14 A company might use budgeted costs rather than actual costs to computeShow MoreRelatedCost accounting chapter 12 answer key Essay6232 Words   |  25 PagesSolutions to Review Questions Accounting assigns costs and revenues to â€Å"responsibility centers† that correspond to the decision authority of managers. This allows the firm to measure performance based on the results of decisions by the manager. An effective corporate cost allocation system separates the results of decisions by corporate managers from those of business unit managers. Although there are well-developed standards for many accounting transactions, accounting decisions still depend on theRead MoreManagement Accounting For Costs And Control1370 Words   |  6 Pages ACC512 Management Accounting for Costs Control Assessment Item 1 Midhun Ramachandran Student ID: 11594000 Class: Wednesday 9am-12pm Lecture - Dhanushka Wijayakantha â€Æ' Answer 1- Management accounting The three elements that drive or influence management accounting work are: Compliance- It refers to the need to fulfil both external regulations as well as reporting requirements. Accounting personnel’s need to furnish proper recognition of expenses and revenues, and estimate assets andRead MoreAccounting (Managerial) 530 Portfolio Case Study978 Words   |  4 PagesAccounting (Managerial) 530 Portfolio Case Study Imagine you are applying to become a trainee in a management consulting company, Solutions Inc., which claims to deliver innovative solutions. They are looking for innovative employees who engage with their work. The selection process will be rigorous. You know you will be asked to submit reports based on questions regarding your knowledge of management accounting practice and strategic management accounting. To provide a context for the reportsRead MoreInventory and Raw Materials1609 Words   |  7 PagesManagement and Managerial and Financial Accounting 1. WHEN DIRECTING AND MOTIVATING, MANAGERS MOBILIZE PEOPLE TO CARRY OUT PLANS AND RUN ROUTINE OPERATIONS. 2. The plans of management are expressed formally in BUDGETS 3. PLANNING consists of identifying alternatives, selecting among the alternatives the one that is best for the organization, and specifying what actions will be taken to implement the chosen alternative. 4. Managerial accounting places less emphasis on PRECISIONRead MoreDestin Brass1235 Words   |  5 PagesDestin Brass Products Co. June 26, 2010 CASE ANALYSIS OBJECTIVES The Destin Brass Products Company case analysis focuses on the current accounting practices utilized by the company and its effects on product pricing. Destin’s president, Roland Guidry, is concerned about the pump market competition dropping prices and his company’s ability to remain competitive, yet profitable; since, pumps are 55% of Destin’s revenues. At the same time, the flow controller market remains seemingly untouchedRead MoreAccounting System And The Roman Empire1409 Words   |  6 Pages Another Society with their own intricate accounting system was the Roman Empire. This comes as no surprise because of the scope and size of the Roman Empire; accounting was once again a necessity to a well-maintained society. There is evidence of comprehensive financial statements in the rule of Emperor Augustus circa 63 BC-14 AD. These statements included information on expenses on â€Å"statistics concerning the provinces and dependent kingdoms; direct and indirect taxation; as well as recurrent expendituresRead MoreA Brief Note On Farm Hardware Products Division As The Costs Associated With Your Activity Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesTask 1 Answer 1.1 - Farm Hardware Products Division as the costs associated with your activity on the basis of the definition of the following is a brief description of your understanding of it. A .Direct costs - A product, labour and materials costs directly associated with the production costs- direct cost. Other expense, loss or: is considered as indirect costs are more difficult to determine if a particular product and administrative expenses, and the like. B. Indirect costs- indirect costs (suchRead MoreCost Accounting-Chapter 1 Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesCost Accounting - Chapter 1 1. Flexibility is said to be the hallmark of modern management accounting, whereas standardization and consistency describe financial accounting. Explain why the focus of those two accounting systems differs. Financial accounting is more about the bigger picture—it evaluates the finances of the organization as a whole, using historical, quantitative, monetary, and factual data. It is more formal and requires the use of GAAP. The information financial accountingRead MoreManagement Accounting : Financial And Non Financial Information1120 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION:- Management Accounting refers to the preparation of financial and non-financial information for the use of management of the company. It is also termed as managerial accounting. The information provided by it is helpful in making policies and strategies, budgeting,, forecasting future plans, making comparisons and evaluating performance of the management. The reports produced by management accounting are used by the internal management (managers and employees) of the organization andRead MoreIs ABC suitable for your company?1410 Words   |  6 Pagesthree, Is ABC implementation recommended? Explain. Is their method foolproof? Abstract Nowadays, we know that activity based costing system assigns overhead costs to products or services products that using a two-stage process, which focuses on activities. ABC is a relatively new and very important topic in managerial accounting. ABC allows us to find a way that we could determine the profitability of every product, profitability of every customer we serve, and the profitability of our process

Because I could not stop for death Free Essays

â€Å"Because I could not stop for death† Emily Dickinson reveals about accepting death as a next chapter of her life. In Verse 1 and 2 she describes herself as a bride and death as her spouse. Welcome death as her partner in the eternal life. We will write a custom essay sample on Because I could not stop for death or any similar topic only for you Order Now She embraces it with open arms that death is no more frightening into her. It also indicated in the 1st verse about her burial march. Dickinson created the poem showing three stages in her life time. In her 3rd verse, the school represents her childhood. The fields of gazing grain represent her maturity towards life. And the Setting Sun represent her old age preparing for her death. Another explanation to this verse is describing her burial march passing to â€Å"the school†, â€Å"the fields† and her last sentence â€Å"Setting Sun† can be the time of her burial. In her 4th verse, she talks about her burial dress. The definition of her garments are more appropriate for a wedding that a funeral dress. Her dress is formal that the author knows her death. She prepared her dress like she is marrying death. It’s like a beginning but an end of life. In her Final moment she talk in her 5th verse of a house the represents her grave were her body lay in the solid ground. The author feels comfortable to pass away that in her heart, it’s a peaceful death. The author also talks about a â€Å"house† that represents her grave that she describes a grave as a home for eternity. The last verse, Dickinson talks about the â€Å"Centuries† which means that even century bypass she is happy in her death no worries and no more loneliness to feel. This describe that her dead body will be in earth for eternity. Emily Dickinson’s poem at first you will ask is this person is death? How did she write her own death? It is an amazing poem that she predicted her death. She embraces death with no fear and tears. She defines her death as another stage of cycle of life. In another point of view she was confident about her fate. She also defines death as her partner to the next stage of her life. In our days, this poem gives us a lesson that we have to appreciate death what ever happen because death will not wait for us. Most of us don’t expect our death or thinking our own death but this amazing poem gives an idea to accept what ever faith we may have. We don’t need to be scared but gives opportunity to be grateful for life and death. We maybe living for today but death will be the next chapter of our life. So take time to think for yourself and appreciate everything in your life so like Emily Dickinson we can accept our death. How to cite Because I could not stop for death, Papers