The intelligence failures of Operation Barbarossa

Intelligence failure basically describes a situation in which mistakes and misunderstandings results to enforcement of inappropriate measures by the government. The operation Barbarossa was a mission planned by Hitler to attack Russia in 1941.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The intelligence failures of Operation Barbarossa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the operation Barbarossa failed to realize its objectives which defeat of Germany in the 1941 war (Spencer, 2010, p. 1). The major factors that resulted to the failure were political, ethnic and military based. Hitler’s much blame for the failure lay on the German staff that was responsible for the escape of Lenin and his colleagues. The powerful leaders and the German society as a whole had no trust on Hitler. They viewed him as an uneducated street man who lacked cultivation. One of the most possible causes for the intelligent failure is overe stimation where the state over evaluated the missile gap between America and the Soviet Union. However, underestimation of warnings by political leaders may have contributed to the failure as well. Stain never paid much attention to warning made by the Americans and British (Murphy, 2007, p. 1). The failure to trust foreign intelligence might have led to unpreparedness by Stalin’s government which resulted to its failure and defeat. Stalin has therefore been blamed for his believes and blind correspondence which led to inability to resolve the problem. Hitler had expected that the war would last for not more than three months but to his surprise, the war became a long one and since his army troops were not prepared for a long war, he found himself in trouble as the Soviet Union did not collapse as he had expected. The operation simply had many goals and high expectations of securing Moscow, Ukraine and Leningrad within only twelve weeks (Ruzza, 2006, p. 1). The plan for the o peration was difficult to realize as it was planned for a short war as Germans expected that the war would be finished before Russia could organize its advanced troops and other resources. However, Russia did get ready for the war immediately and due to the inadequate resources by the Germans, they had to lose the war to Russians. Hitler’s plan to invade Greece and Yugoslavia at the same time that he had planned on infesting Moscow did not seem to be a wise decision because it made him lack enough time to hit Moscow (Vale, 2009, p. 1).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The winter weather conditions in Russia were not favorable for war which was a big mistake by Hitler just as Napoleon had attacked Russia towards the end of year. The German troops were given twenty days after the first period of the war to relax and gather other supplies before going for the final episode. This gave the Russians the chance to come together and strategize their tactics as well as increasing their very advanced resources which made them stronger to attack and defend their country (Kirchubel, 2008, p. 1). Basically, Hitler’s miscalculation led to the defeat of the Germans by the Russians. His ignorance could be associated with his lack of knowledge and education since he had not gone outside the country and he certainly could not estimate the capacity of Russia’s resources for war (Flemming, 2004, p. 1). From this incidence, it is clear that miscalculation of defense capabilities of another country is a very serious matter. If German were to invade other country, it would be wise to first get hold of information on the country’s defense mechanisms so that it can prepare enough for the longest time possible. Reference List Flemming, P. (2004). Operation Barbarossa. Web. Kirchubel, R. (2008). Operation Barbarossa 1941. Web. Murphy, D. (2007). What Stain Knew: T he Enigma of Barbarossa. Web. Ruzza, M. (2006). The Failure of Operation Barbarossa. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The intelligence failures of Operation Barbarossa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Spencer, H. (2010). The History and Lessons of Intelligence Failure. Web. Vale, B. (2009). The Failure of Operation Barbarossa. Web. This essay on The intelligence failures of Operation Barbarossa was written and submitted by user Casey Carter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Properties and Functions of Money

Properties and Functions of Money Money is an important feature of virtually every economy. Without money, members of a society must rely on the barter system, or some other exchange program, in order to trade goods and services. Unfortunately, the barter system has an important downside in that it requires a double coincidence of wants. In other words, the two parties engaged in a trade must both want what the other is offering. This feature makes the barter system highly inefficient. For example, a plumber looking to feed his family would have to search out a farmer who needs plumbing work done on his house or farm. If such a farmer were not available, the plumber would have to figure out how to trade his services for something that the farmer wanted so that the farmer would be willing to sell food to the plumber. Luckily, money largely solves this problem. What Is Money? In order to understand much of macroeconomics, its crucial to have a clear definition of what money is. In general, people tend to use the term money as a synonym for wealth (e.g. Warren Buffett has a lot of money), but economists are quick to clarify that the two terms are not, in fact, synonymous. In economics, the term money is used specifically to refer to currency, which is, in most cases, not an individuals only source of wealth or assets. In most economies, this currency is in the form of paper bills and metal coins that the government has created, but technically anything can serve as money as long as it possesses three important properties. The Properties and Functions of Money The item serves as a medium of exchange. In order for an item to be considered money, it must be widely accepted as payment for goods and services. In this way, money creates efficiency because it eliminates uncertainty regarding what is going to be accepted as payment by various businesses.The item serves as a unit of account. In order for an item to be considered money, it must be the unit that prices, bank balances, etc. are reported in. Having a consistent unit of account creates efficiency since it would be pretty confusing to have the price of bread quoted as a number of fish, the price of fish quoted in terms of t-shirts, and so on.The item serves as a store of value. In order for an item to be considered money, it has to (to a reasonable degree) hold its purchasing power over time. This feature of money adds to efficiency because it gives producers and consumers flexibility in the timing of purchases and sales, eliminating the need to immediately trade ones income for goods a nd services. As these properties suggest, money was introduced to societies as a means of making economic transactions simpler and more efficient, and it mostly succeeds in that regard. In some situations, items other than officially designated currency have been used as money in various economies. For example, it used to be somewhat common in countries with unstable governments (and also in prisons) to use cigarettes as money, even though there was no official decree that cigarettes served that function. Instead, they became widely accepted as payment for goods and services and prices began to be quoted in the number of cigarettes rather than in official currency. Because cigarettes have a reasonably long shelf life, they do in fact serve the three functions of money. One important distinction between items that are officially designated as money by a government and items that become money by convention or popular decree is that governments will often pass laws stating what citizens can and cannot do with money. For example, it is illegal in the United States to do anything to money that makes the money unable to be further used as money. In contrast, there are no laws against burning cigarettes, aside from those banning smoking in public places of course.

14 College Graduation Gifts to Give Yourself

14 College Graduation Gifts to Give Yourself Graduating from college is no easy feat- and no one knows the effort you put in and the obstacles you overcame better than you do. Since your college graduation will likely be one of the biggest milestones of your life, its worth it to reward yourself for all youve accomplished. But just what kinds of things work well as a college graduation gift to yourself?  Here are the best graduation gifts to give yourself. 1. A Nice Diploma Frame Youve probably seen these in your campus bookstore or a local shop in town. In essence, diploma frames are a nice frame in which you can hang (and preserve) your actual diploma. Some have a small logo from your college; others have a large picture of campus as well. Regardless, a nice diploma frame can be a great way to formally acknowledge your graduation. Additionally, it can serve as appropriate and professional wall decor for your first office. 2. An Elegant Business Card Holder Sure, exchanging contact information happens electronically most of the time. And yet there can still be situations- like cocktail parties, airline flights, or other unexpected situations- when a simple conversation turns into a networking opportunity. Having your business cards available in a nice, classy case (in contrast, to, say, your old wallet) can be a smart way to present yourself. And it can be a nice gift to yourself that lasts for years to come. 3. Life For a Day Pictures You may be eager to leave your college life and your campus, but there are still things you will miss about your college years. Consider spending a day- or even just an hour or two during the day- taking pictures of the details of your life. What does your room look like? Your residence hall, apartment building, or house? What do you have hanging on the walls? What kinds of clothes are in your closet? What kinds of technology are you using? Where are the places you spent the most time- studying, hanging out, making memories- on campus? Off campus? In essence, create a photo journal of what your college life looks like. You never know how much you might treasure those simple snaps 10, 20, or even 50 years from now. 4. Write a Letter to Yourself Similar to an autobiographical photojournalism project, writing a letter to yourself can be an amazing gift for Future You. What are your dreams? What kind of life do you picture for yourself? What have you loved most about your time in college? What do you regret? What do you wish you had done differently? Theres no right answer or a specific thing you should write about. Just listen to your heart and say something that you want your future self to hear. 5. College Clothing It sounds so simple- after all, how many free t-shirts did you accumulate during your time in school?!- but getting yourself some new clothes with your colleges name on it can be a great gift. Even if its just a simple t-shirt and running shorts, youll reconnect with this time in your life when youre out for a run or hitting the gym 1, 2, or even 5 years from now. Additionally, something comforting, like a zip-up hoodie, can be your go-to item when youre doing something you love, like spending a quiet night in after a busy week at work. A little gift now can be a great way to remind and reward yourself about all you accomplished during your college years. 6. Travel Gear Have the travel bug? Want a job that requires a lot of travel? Consider giving yourself something that can be part of your post-college-life journeys. A nice suitcase, a great handbag, or even a duffel bag with your college logo or name on it can fit the bill. Additionally, advertising your alma mater during your travels can be a surprising way to start a conversation with others who have a connection to your institution, too. 7. A Connection With Your Favorite Professor No matter your major, you likely had one professor with whom you really connected or who made a difference in your life- even if you never told them so. Before you leave campus, connect with him or her in some way. Buy one of their books youve never read and have them sign it for you. Ask them to meet for coffee or even during office hours so you can ask their advice and let them know how much you appreciated their presence during your time in school. Your connection doesnt have to be fancy to be meaningful; it just has to be genuine. 8. A Trip Somewhere Special Do you need some time to process the big changes in your life? Have you always wanted to, for example, take  a college road trip? Do you want to have one last adventure with your college friends before you graduate? Consider giving yourself a trip as a graduation present. Even though its not a tangible item you can put in a gift box, a trip can provide you with a lifetime of memories- and some much-needed rest and relaxation. 9. Something for Your Post-College Professional Life Do you need a great briefcase? A messenger bag? A new laptop for graduate school? A stethoscope? Scrubs? Consider giving yourself something important and meaningful that also connects to your professional goals. Even if you cant afford something that will last for decades, you can always use something for a season or two and then keep it as a memento. This was my very first professional [item name]! has a nice ring to it, even 20 years from now. 10. Something for Your Post-College Personal Life Do you want to acknowledge your graduation with something that symbolizes adulthood for you? Do you want a nice set of dishes, a great (double!) bed, or a killer business suit? Do you want new clothes from a nice shop or even some fancy cookware? Consider buying yourself something that feels adult and permanent. You can use it to remind yourself of your transition to adulthood and all the effort you made to set yourself up for success after college. 11. A Donation to an Organization That Helps Students Go to College No matter your situation, you didnt make it through college entirely on your own. Whether it was family, friends, administrators, professors, or community leaders, people undoubtedly helped you along the way. Consider giving back by making a donation to a community organization or your college (in the form of scholarship funds) so that others have support during their time in school, too. 12. Plant Something It doesnt have to be big and fancy to symbolize the start of a new chapter in your life. Whether its a small houseplant, a small herb garden, or even a hardy bush or tree in your parents backyard or a community garden, planting something that you can nurture and grow can be highly symbolic and rewarding. 13. Take Yourself Clothes Shopping Give yourself a cold, hard reality check by really looking at whats in your closet. You likely- and justifiably- have clothes appropriate for a college student. Which was fun until now...when you transition from being a student to being a graduate. Treat yourself to some clothing basics, both personally and professionally, so that you can enter this new phase of your life as prepared as possible. 14. A Spa Treatment Remember: spa treatments arent just for fancy folks (or even just girls!). Reward yourself to something as simple as a pedicure or as fancy as a full-day treatment. After all, you probably put your body through unbelievable amounts of stress and mistreatment during the past few years. Reward your physical and mental self with some relaxation and pampering. You might be surprised at how this simple luxury can rejuvenate your body, mind, and soul and prepare you to begin your post-college life refreshed and recharged.

SWOT Conversion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SWOT Conversion - Essay Example They thus provide impetus for strategic changes within the managerial and marketing processes for improved performance. As Marketing Manager of Tesco Plc, I would be evaluating the SWOT analysis tools of Tesco against that of its competitor, IKEA, UK, in its furniture segment. Overview of Tesco Tesco Plc. is one of largest global supermarket chains with workforce of 472000 strong people in more than 4811 outlets across 14 countries (tesco, 2010). As a leading food and non food supermarket, it has created a niche market position in UK and across the globe. Its non food segment, especially the furniture segment directly competes with IKEA which is a leading home furniture retailer with a global presence. Though a relatively recent entrant into this area, Tesco has been able to make significant inroad into this market and compete with the market giant like IKEA through sustained efforts to diversification based on changing preferences of people. Tesco strength lies in its strategic plan ning that has effectively relied on marketing tools like SWOT and Porter’s five force analysis to gain leverage against its competitors in the field. Critical analysis of SWOT theory vis-a-vis IKEA SWOT analysis IKEA’s major strength is its global brand with emphasis on sustainable business practice and cost consciousness. It extensively uses renewable materials through design innovation, reducing wastage and promoting environment conservation in its supply chain management. Tesco, on the other hand has long since been a promoter of sustainable development and has continuously strived for highly indigenous techniques for carbon footprints. It has increasingly introduced organic food and non food item in its ever widening product lines. It is committed to carbon neutral policy by 2050 and diligently helps its customers to considerably reduce their carbon footprints by 2020 (ibid). Tesco has also been a leader in providing its customers with quality products at very comp etitive prices. Tesco’s Clubcard is testament of its huge database of satisfied and committed clientele which boasts of over fifteen million active members! Clubcard is a unique way of rewarding its customers through discounts vouchers and reward points. It has in fact become one of major elements of competitive advantage against IKEA. The IKEA’s KPI or key performance indicator broadly relies on its IWAY process for defining its social and environmental compulsions for its products and its various supply chain partners. Tesco has formulated stringent guidelines under ETI or ethical trading initiatives that promote sustainable practices across all its business partners. IKEA’s design initiatives for its furniture and furnishing, is highly creative. NORDEN and LACK tables, OGLA chairs etc are exemplary examples of waste management. It has also refined its transportation logistics to reduce carbon footprints. TESCO’s ergonomically designed state of the art furniture are cost effective but it nevertheless needs to improve its waste management policies on production through more creative inputs. Not many of its items are made from waste but introduction of products made from paper mache has increasingly become popular amongst the masses. Tesco believes in forging alliances with local

The History of Literacy instruction in Spanish and in English Essay

The History of Literacy instruction in Spanish and in English - Essay Example At least one scholar, who is listed in the article, began to take on traditional concepts that had existed up until that time. In 1999, Goodman’s classic What’s Whole in Whole Language was written on the topic and, once translated into Spanish and Venezuela, came widely distributed among the region. The book was so popular that it was translated into English six years later. In the 1980s publications about literacy in Spanish began to reflect an understanding of the psycholinguistic view. As early as 1984, Dubois began questioning traditional, word-based approaches of teaching reading in favor of taking a psycholinguistic view. In 1989, Goodman’s classic What’s Whole in Whole Language was translated into Spanish in Venezuela and widely distributed throughout Latin America. The demand for the book was so great that it generated a newer translation into Spanish only six years later. When one scholar affiliated with the author moved to Mexico, the materials in the local schools were changed thanks to ideas and those of other constructivist educators. In fact, the first grade primer of the series tells one in the article that, â€Å"showed the drastic difference this text represented from the former government-approached text, Mi Libro Magido (My Magic Book), with its practice sheets that required students to repeat syllabus and practice penmanship. In the 1990’s the government started to take better control in controlling educational methods. According to the case study the practice of phonics is more likely to be constructive when students are taught the different sounds of words and then are taught be blend them together. Other, more traditional approaches take longer and a lot of people are opposed to change, but administrators, scholars, and teachers really believe they have something here being able to teach the same thing easier and in a shorter period of time. This is the mark of phonics

cab calloway :: essays research papers

Cab Calloway was an influential singer and actor in the 1930's. Born in Rochester, NY, on December 25, 1907, he started from rock bottom and worked his way up, until he was discovered and on top. To get to the top, Cab was a part of many different scenes and had much help from family and friends. According to Dan Gediman, Cab was the "Hi De Ho" man, a legendary showman, gifted singer, bandleader, actor, and fashion setter. He was a larger than life figure, who was immortalized in cartoons and caricatures, was also the leader of one of the greatest bands of the Swing Era (Dan Gediman, "Cab Calloway"). Scott Yanow thought Cab was "One of the great entertainers," and Cab's name was a household one by 1932, and never really declined in fame (Scott Yanow, "Cab Calloway's Biography"). Cab grew up in Baltimore, and attended law school there briefly, before hit quit school and set off to try and make it as a singer and dancer. As a young man Cab was following his father's footsteps in becoming a lawyer, going to law school and studying law. Cab wanted to be an entertainer even though his family discouraged him. They thought that it would be more appropriate for him to become a lawyer like his dad. Although, at the time that he was going to law school, his sister, Blanche Calloway, was a popular singer and was producing and singing a few fine records before retiring in the mid 1930's (Yanow). Well, his sister Blanche who was a prominent singer of the time convinced Cab to put more of an effort into his entertainment career. So while Cab was attending law school in Chicago, he also moonlighted at local nightclubs as a performer. While performing in Chicago he met the famous trumpeter and singer Louis Armstrong, who taught him to scat. According to the Schoumbrg C enter for Research in black Culture scat singing in music is "a jazz vocal style using emotive, onomatopoeic, and nonsense syllables instead of words in solo improvisations on a melody". Scat has dim antecedents in the West African practice of assigning fixed syllables to percussion patterns, but the style was made popular by trumpeter and singer Louis Armstrong from 1927 on. The popular theory that scat singing began when a vocalist forgot the lyrics may be true, but this origin does not explain the persistence of the style.

How to Set Up a Marketing Plan

Somaliland Youth Development Association (SYDA) Tactical Marketing Plan Presented By: Issaq Gass Plan Overview Practice: Somaliland Policy & Reconstruction Institute (SOPRI) Name of Campaign: Somaliland Youth Development Association (SYDA) Campaign Manager: Issaq Gass Objective The objective is to open a youth complex facility which targets youth development in a country in the Horn of Africa following the market strategies specified in this plan. Target Market Product demographicsAll local schools and universities in the capital city of Hargeisa, local newspapers in the capital city, Somaliland TV, Horn Cable TV, Universal TV (The three major local TV networks in Somaliland), Flyers around every major business in the city, Twitter, Facebook, and Youtube. Target contact demographics 1) Meet with the three major Somaliland TV networks to promote the new complex and benefits for youth joining as members. 2) Flyers all around the capital city of Hargeisa at schools, universities, Major Businesses, and transportation centers. ) Advertise on major Somaliland news websites as an ad. 4) Advertise in the local major newspapers, try to get front page appearance. 5) Create Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube accounts to update news and information about the complex, take advantage of all social network feedback tools to see feedback. For examples likes, comments, tweets, and shares. 6) Discuss the new facility on the Somaliland National Radio. 7) Try to get in touch with the information ministry of the country to get an emailing list of all the youth enrolled in their system. Message SummaryThe Somaliland Policy and Reconstruction Institute (SOPRI) is an independent professional organization founded in Los Angeles, California in 1992 by a group of concerned Somali-Americans and Somalilanders who were deeply committed to help Somaliland. We will sponsor this Somaliland Youth Development Association to spearhead the high unemployment amongst the youth in the country and develop the youth everyday with community to make sure that the youth, regardless of background, has the opportunity to learn, grow and thrive in the country. Call to action Desired outcome?Sell – 50,000 memberships before opening day. Make the facility the new gathering spot for youth to not only offer enrichment programs for the youth but to help them avoid crime, drugs, and violence as well. What is the pull-through offer? Offer 500 free memberships through filling out a lottery online which we would email out to all the youth on the server as well post on all of our social media websites. Process Development list 1) Complete facility by Summer 2013 2) Create Facebook, Twitter, YouTube accounts. 3) Complete communication and deals between target contact demographics. ) Try to get a lot of government influence through our contact list. 5) Reach out to tribal sultans to help them promote amongst the specific tribes in the city. 6) Try to set up an assembly at local schools and univ ersities discussing ways they can create jobs by meeting at the facility to tackle the high unemployment amongst the youth. 7) Set up all interviews in the next few months. 8) Start lottery process for free memberships a month prior to opening. Pre – event follow up Consistently following up with the development list and target contact demographics list to make sure we are on the right path.Making sure we are gaining a lot of support throughout the capital city primarily the youth and parents of the youth. Also, daily check for feedback we might need to respond to via our social media websites. Post – event follow up Seeing if everything is going in the right direction and to see if everything was done and completed as planned. If we have time before opening possibly add more target demographics or make more appearances to broaden targets. SWOT Analysis Strengths: * SOPRI is a well-known and well established organization in Somaliland. We have the trust and support thr oughout the nation. SOPRI’S executive committee members and general members will strive to reach out to all target contacts that we already have a close relationship with for the most part. * Organization members will be working free of charge to help the make this facility a success. * The wide array of experience the members have will help make the process smooth. * SOPRI already has the capital to invest into the project from previous donations and fundraisers. * The Facility will enrich the youth. Weaknesses: * This will be the first time we sponsor a project that requires building a facility. Balancing time to contact the workers and organization members on the ground since time difference is 8 hours. * Lack of experience in this field. Opportunities: * If successful, it will become the first official youth complex in the country. * It will help build the esteem of the organization by tackling high employment rates, creating jobs, and enriching the youth. * It will be a location where the youth of country could meet and hold events. * It will build loyalty for us in the future for other business ventures to the same caliber.Threats: * Local indoor soccer stadiums. * Local gyms. * Local event halls. Project Plan: EVENT| CO-ORDINATOR| ESTIMATED WORK HOURS| Contact local newspapers| SOPRI members on ground| 5| Contact local TV networks| SOPRI members on ground| 1 week| Contact local schools and universities| SOPRI members on ground| 1 week| Create and manage social media| SOPRI Executive Committee| Continuously| Flyer creation and distribution| SOPRI members on ground| 2 months| Contact Somaliland news websites for advertisements| SOPRI Executive Committee| 5 ays| Manage entire marketing campaign| Issaq| Continuously| Distribution: The goal is to have our memberships ready and easily available to students both in K-12 and universities. Memberships will be sold all over the city at every major business office as well as every school district and univer sity. We will also have a website where students could buy it online. The memberships will be available all over Somalilands capital city Hargeisa. Which would make accessibility and exposure a lot easier.There will be 5 mediums of marketing for this facility(press, social media, flyers, emails and television) guaranteeing great exposure and accessibility so that we could capture and gain as many members as possible. Marketing Function and costs Medium| Base Cost| Duration| Total| Somaliland News websites| 0| Continuous| 0| Somaliland Newspapers| 0| Continuous| 0 | Facebook| 0| 0| 0| Twitter| 0| 0| 0| Somaliland TV networks| 0| 0| 0| *Since it’s for a good cause for the nations development a lot of our target contacts agreed for it to be free of charge until the project is completed.Metrics and Expectations: * To gain as many members as possible to help reduce unemployment rates, drug use, and crime in the city. * To enrich the youth through sports, events, tutoring, and gath erings. * To help the youth come together to build business plans of needs throughout the nation so we could then try to sell their ideas to the major corporations and business owners for funding. * Using SOPRI’s existing relationships to make this project a success. * Secure all outlets on our target contact demographics list to successfully reach our market plan strategies.